On December 9, 2020, Macron’s government introduced a bill that sought to address the violence perpetrated by Islamic extremists. But questions abound regarding the new law and religious freedom.

Although liberty movements swept the Middle East during the Arab Spring, an assessment of citizen’s rights and liberties in 2021 is disheartening. Little has changed.

Proponents of religious economy theory point to evidence suggesting that religious adherence decreases when a government actively promotes a church or hinders other beliefs.